Games Planners Play

Uli Harmes-Liedke from mesopartner brought the Urbanology game to my attention via one of his tweets. The game usually takes the form of an installation at the BMW Guggenheim Lab wherever it happens to be and allows people to become city planners for a day, lobbying for and making decisions on urban issues and seeing the results. You can also play a version of it on-line.

The game itself is fairly simple: you answer ten questions relating to urban issues and then your future city is created on the basis of your answers. The game also give you a real-world city that comes closest to your future city. Mine came out as Johannesburg – in my view a less than desirable urban future although some people seem to like it.

The rest of the BMW Guggenheim Lab site is well worth a visit with lots of other interesting material. Unfortunately the physical installation doesn't appear to be coming to South Africa anytime soon. Happy playing.

Mine's a Pint

I recently read an article on the Guardian newspaper website that covered two particular interests of mine: beer and in a round about way red tape. Pubs in the United Kingdom are required by law to serve beer either in pint or half-pint measures. This means that you can order a pint anywhere in the country and you will get a glass containing exactly the same number of milliliters of beer (473.176473 of them to be precise).

The British government has just announced a plan to allow pubs to serve beer in glasses that hold two-thirds of a pint. Apart from eroding a grand old British tradition (The first legislation requiring beer to be served in pints dates back to 1698), this measure aims to "nudge" Britons away from their binge drinking habits. The argument is that smaller measures will mean that people will drink less. However, the editor of the Guardian has suggested that at the heart of the problem of binge drinking is the fact that "Brits have an unfortunate tendency to pour strong foreign lagers – Stella, even Leffe – into a pint jar for which they were not intended, and to get poisonously pie-eyed in the process."

So how does this link to red tape? In a regulatory sense, rules that are put in place to deal with particular problems that don't address the root cause of the problem are often identified as problems in red tape reduction processes. In the case of the pint, it is not the size of the glass that seems to be the problem but rather the alcohol content of what goes in it. This type of regulation usually leads to all sorts of outcomes but rarely does it result in any meaningful change.

Woolled sheep and meso-level economic institutions

One of the books that I am currently dipping into is one containing a series of essays on the economic history of Natal. An essay with the unpromising title of “The origin and development of the woolled sheep industry in the Natal midlands in the 1850s and 1860s” caught my attention as it illustrates something that economic development practitioners seemingly battle with.

One of the lessons that I drew from my visit to Germany last year was that one of the reasons that the German economy is still competitive despite a number of structural constraints is that the meso-level is richly populated with a wide range of institutions focused on developing and enhancing competitiveness. The meso-level is simply the level between firms and clusters, and public sector bodies. It is here that institutions such as sector bodies (such the wool/potato/egg etc. board), development agencies, development finance institutions, and chambers of business are found.

Having been involved with a number of meso-level institutions over the years I am aware that there is a constant pressure to “make it sustainable”. This usually means that the organisation is expected to become financially independent and as a result be able to continue it operations into the foreseeable future. Many of these institutions battle to do this and become so caught up in “becoming sustainable” that they often fall short when it comes to fulfilling their primary mandate.

This is why the case of the wool industry in Natal in the 1850s caught my attention. In August 1958, a group of farmers formed the “Natal Association for the Introduction of Woolled Sheep”, a not-for-profit enterprise aimed at developing this sector of the colonial economy. The Association used its capital to buy sheep from the Orange Free State and the Cape for resale, on easy terms, to farmers in Natal who had limited access to capital or who where unable to leave their farms to purchase sheep in the other colonies. Initially 1000 sheep were purchased and sold on auction and the Association made a small profit. After no response to a tender for further supplies, the Natal Association for the Introduction of Woolled Sheep shut up shop in July 1859.

The Natal Witness commented on the liquidation of the Association:

“This Company (the Sheep Association) originated to give an impetus to the introduction to woolled sheep, has ceased to exist, and has realised a handsome dividend in a few months operations. Having demonstrated the practicability of introducing and rearing sheep to any extent in the upland counties, the company leave the work of filling up the vast wastes with numerous valuable flocks to private enterprise. And this work is going on rapidly….[my emphasis]”

(quoted in Sellers, M., 1985)

The Natal Association for the Introduction of Woolled Sheep is easily recognisable as a meso-level institution but does not seem to have suffered from the same pressure to become sustainable. It played a catalytic role in the development of the woolled sheep sector in colonial Natal (a sector which barely exists today but one that experienced rapid growth in the 1860s) and then closed its doors once its objectives had been achieved.

Meso-level institutions in South Africa seem to operate under the assumption that they need to last forever if they are to have an impact. The irony is that these organisations that exist to enhance competitiveness are not themselves not competitive, in the sense that they are not responsive to the demands of the local economy. The choice for them is to either review and refocus the organization, or close their door and allow other more relevant (i.e. competitive) institutions to take their place. While meso-level institutions play a key role in enhancing the competitiveness of a local economy and South Africa undoubtedly needs more of them, their sustainability is not necessarily desirable or necessary.

Reference:
Guest, B., and Sellers, J.M., 1985: Enterprise and Exploitation in a Victorian Colony: Aspects of the Economic and Social History of Colonial Natal; University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Local is lekker but is local enough?

A lot of discussion in South Africa around LED revolves around “defining LED’. In truth most of the time this is more a reflection of lack of capacity to implement than a fundamental need to define what LED is i.e. the lack of an LED definition is not the barrier to lack of implementation but rather an excuse for it.

However, some interactions I had today highlighted an important element of LED which does have direct bearing on the lack of implementation.

I had a conversation with a colleague this afternoon who had decided not to put in a proposal to investigate the feasibility and future viability of the sugar industry in an area of southern KwaZulu-Natal. In his view the sugar industry in this part of the country had reached the limits of it ability to grow due to local conditions and the limited ability of sugar cane to thrive in sub-tropical regions. The funders of the study clearly think otherwise or they would not be commissioning a study on the future of the industry.

I also read an article in today’s Business Report entitled “Sweet dreams are made of EU sugar reforms” which amongst other things highlights the fact that the restructuring of EU sugar markets has created an opportunity for the African, Caribbean and Pacific sugar producing countries to pick up a shortfall of six million tonnes. (To put this in perspective, Illovo’s annual production is only 1.8 million tones). Surely this is an opportunity for sugar producers in southern KwaZulu-Natal or is the industry so beleaguered that even the opening up of European markets can’t save them?

Who is right and who is wrong in this case will be tested in time and is not really the point of this blog. What is interesting, however, is the less than obvious point that these differing opinions and the various dynamics in the KwaZulu-Natal sugar sector highlight: while it is called LOCAL economic development, and practitioners have to develop an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of the LOCAL economy, what is happening in the “globally” (outside the locality) also has bearing on the relative success of the local economy.

So many times LED practitioners are called into rescue LED projects where local factors have not been considered (e.g. the proposed activity requires high skill levels not found in the local area) or where non-local dynamics have not been taken into account (Market? What market? Oh! the consumers of the product!). Local is lekker, very lekker but that is not all there is to it. For LED initiatives to succeed and prosper, insight into both local and “global” is essential.

The Leader and the First Follower

An interesting and inspiring video clip on leadership highlighting some principles of good leadership but also raising the importance of the “first follower”. The video clip suggests that it is not always necessary to develop ideas yourself but that as a first follower it is possible to have real impact on the spread of ideas.

Click on the picture to link to the video

When Density Gets Out of Hand

On a lighter note (and related to the three themes of the latest World Development Report) you can also have too much of a good thing . When densities get too high, it puts infrastructure under pressure and creates opportunities for unusual jobs such as the Oshiya (train pushers) in Tokyo.

Location, Location, Location

The focus of the World Banks' latest World Development Report is Reshaping Economic Geography and raises a number of interesting issues for the practice of LED, particularly in terms of where it takes place. Often LED strategies and initiatives do not deal sufficiently with spatial and locational considerations i.e. they focus on the process (if you are lucky), the what and the how but often overlook the where. The WDR 2009 identifies density, distance and division (between people on basis of religion, culture, economic class etc) as key locational determinants of economic growth. Put simply: “low density weakens agglomeration forces....long distances reduce mobility.......and deep divisions impede specialisation”.

The WDR highlights the need to focus economic development efforts in places where these locational determinants are the most advantageous. Instead of calling for economic growth to be more spatially balanced, the WDR 2009 recognises that “economic growth is seldom balanced. Efforts to spread it prematurely will jeopardise progress.”

The implication is that urban areas need to increasingly become the focus of economic development activities as they usually perform better that rural areas in terms of the three locational determinants of density, distance and division. What does this mean for rural areas in South Africa? In some cases it will means that certain areas where economic development activities have been unsuccessfully initiated in the last 15 years will no longer be the beneficiaries of these activities, as focus shifts to other rural areas (particularly those that were former homelands) where the density levels are approaching those required for sustainable growth and where distance can be reduced through improving transport links – not all rural areas will be left behind but some hard thinking needs to be done about how and where rural development funding is targetted.

More urgently however, a shift needs to be made to supporting urban development and management in South Africa’s metropolitan areas and secondary cities. These are the locations where population growth and economic growth will increasingly put pressure on already poorly maintained and limited infrastructure. Based on historical trends more than 50% of the South African’s now live in cities, yet the country has no urban policy. This is something that needs to change if the needs of the economy and the aspirations of a rapidly urbanising population are to be met in an inlcusive and sustainable manner.

From Todes, A, Kok, P, Wentzel, M, Van Zyl, J and Cross, C (2008) Contemporary South African urbanisation dynamics